Comparison of Pain Perceptions Among Males and Females

Abstract

Convictions about male or female superiority in bearing pain have inspired much research. This research, which dates back to the 1930's, has been the domain of psychologists and physicians. Traditionally, researchers have examined many aspects of pain mechanisms in the laboratory by studying normal subjects in whom pain is induced by application of physical stimuli (Procacci, Zoppi & Maresca, 1979). Seldom have gender effects been examined in clinical populations; that is, in those who have endogenous pain or pain caused by procedures. While the majority of the research has indicated that females are more responsive to pain than males, a review of the literature indicates that this conclusion may not be warranted. There are two purposes to this paper. One is to present the historical background to this issue, through a critical review of the literature. Some technical aspects of the research will also be delineated as techniques used by researchers have influenced the interpretation of the findings. The second purpose is to assess clinical pain experienced by males and females.